Brickman Consulting

Wood Flooring Solutions.

What Causes Cupping in Wood Floors?

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Cross posted from Howard Brickman's article on Hardwood Floors Magazine: Inspector Blog.

The official topic of this blog will be an excruciating discussion of the term “cupping” for your consideration. But first…

My apologies for taking so long to get another submission ready, but for me writing is very hard work and extremely time consuming, and I marvel at those gifted individuals who can churn out wonderful written content on a regular schedule. I must admit that I’m not certain that I would be able to increase my output even if I were offered bushel baskets of legal tender to do it on a full-time basis. Time is finite and moves at an increasingly rapid pace. I remember watching the classroom clock as a youngster on Friday afternoons thinking that 4 o’clock would never arrive, and now Friday afternoons pass by faster than the pickets on a fence. But I digress…

If I were going to give an official definition for cupping it would be, “boards that are concave on the face.” There is a common misconception in the wood flooring bidness that all cupping is moisture-related and that pressure that develops due to swelling is the primary cause. Let’s explore some thought experiments.

Experiment 1: We place 10 S4S red oak boards ¾” x 4” x 72” edge-to-edge, which approximates a panel ¾” x 40” x 72”. Then we place pipe clamps at 3” intervals across the 40” dimension and tighten the clamps until a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch is reached. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?

Experiment 2: We place 10 pieces of red oak flooring ¾” x 4” x 72” edge-to-edge, which approximates a panel ¾” x 40” x 72”. Then we place pipe clamps at 3” intervals across the 40” dimension and tighten the clamps until a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch is reached. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?

Experiment 3: We nail 10 pieces of red oak flooring ¾” x 4” x 72” at a MC of 6-8% to a ¾”-thick plywood panel 48” x 72” at a MC of 6-8%. Then we place 1½” deck screws at 3” intervals into the first and the last boards so that they will be prevented from moving. We predrill the oak so that there will be no splitting. Then we place a bath towel on the face of the boards and saturate it with enough water to completely wet the towel but not have water puddling onto the surface of the flooring. Then we put a piece of 6-mil polyethylene over the towel to keep the water from evaporating. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?
 
Experiment 4: We nail 10 pieces of red oak flooring ¾” x 4” x 72” at a MC of 6-8% to a ¾”-thick plywood panel 48” x 72” at a MC of 14%-16%. Then we place 1½” deck screws at 3” intervals into the first and the last boards so that they will be prevented from moving. We predrill the oak so that there will be no splitting. Then we put a piece of 6-mil polyethylene covering the underside of the plywood to keep the water from evaporating. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?

Experiment 5: We nail 10 pieces of red oak flooring ¾” x 4” x 72” at a MC of 14-16% to a ¾”-thick plywood panel 48” x 72” at a MC of 6-8%. Then we place 1½” deck screws at 3” intervals into the first and the last boards so that they will be prevented from moving. We predrill the oak so that there will be no splitting. Then we put a piece of 6-mil polyethylene covering the underside of the plywood to keep the water from evaporating. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?

Experiment 6: We nail 10 pieces of red oak flooring ¾” x 4” x 72” at a MC of 14-16% to a ¾”-thick plywood panel 48” x 72” at a MC of 14%-16%. Then we place 1½” deck screws at 3” intervals into the first and the last boards so that they will be prevented from moving. We predrill the oak so that there will be no splitting. Then we put a piece of 6-mil polyethylene covering the underside of the plywood to keep the water from evaporating. What do you think is going to happen to the shape of the individual boards?

The great thing about these thought experiments is that we could actually do them. If you had a university or commercial testing company do these for you, it would cost many thousands of dollars. If someone wants to send me $12,479.00, I will do the experiments and send you a report on the results with cool pictures. In my next episode we will start to discuss the individual experiments. I want to thank Don Sgroi for the very thought provoking e-mail, which is the inspiration for what will I think be a very interesting series of blogs.

Do You Need An Alibi?

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Cross posted from Howard Brickman's column in Hardwood Floors Magazine: Inspector Blog.

Only a guilty man needs to have an alibi prepared. Well, you are all guilty of being wood floor guys, so let’s get those alibis ready for prime time. And maybe the process of getting those alibis prepped will also provide a framework for preventing the need for an alibi.

Tool/Equipment List:

  • smartphone with camera
  • pin-type moisture meter
  • black Sharpie Marker
  • hammer
  • 6d and 8d finish nails
  • thermohygrometer
  • flashlight
  • spiral notebook
  • pencils and pens
  • string (fluorescent red, blue, green, or yellow)

Stuff To Do (or Not Do):

BEFORE WOOD FLOORING DELIVERY:

  • Do not sign a confession, err, I mean contract provided by the general contractor without carefully reviewing the provisions regarding warranties and terms of payment.
  • Check moisture content (MC) of the subfloor and inspect the crawl space. Use the Sharpie to write the MC readings directly on the subfloor with the date and your initials. Check MC near windows, plumbing, and doors, and by obvious signs of water staining or moisture intrusions. More readings are better. Record the readings in your notebook.
  • Make a label that lists the date, job address, and your name in large block letters for identifying pictures.
  • Take pictures of the high-MC readings with your smartphone. It will automatically time, date, and location-stamp the individual photos.
  • Take pictures of other non-compliant issues (e.g., missing windows or doors, tile saws on subfloor, unvented torpedo gas/kerosene heaters, etc.)
  • Check MC of joists and subfloor in basement and crawl space. Look for water, mold, and mildew, and take pictures.
  • Politely request that the GC or building owner correct any problems noted in a brief and concise e-mail (or using another method that documents the content and delivery of the request).

AFTER WOOD FLOORING DELIVERY:

  • Check subfloor MC again and verify the any problems observed during previous visits were corrected. If not, document them again.
  • Check wood flooring MC on at least 40 boards. Use the Sharpie to write MC and date on the back of boards. Record the readings in your notebook. Reject the flooring if it is outside the range from 6% to 9% MC.

BEFORE INSTALLING THE FLOORING:

  • Verify that you document everything that could negatively impact the wood floor. Use the list from the NWFA Installation Guidelines (the PDF is available free online for all NWFA members).
  • Communicate one last time to the GC if there are any issues. This is the point at which you need to present your disclaimer or waiver document for the GC to sign or at least acknowledge. This can be a delicate time in the job. You may want to tread lightly, because there is a fine line between being a concerned wood floor professional and being a pain in the neck who aggravates everyone else on the job, especially the GC. You know the deal. There are 10 flooring guys waiting on the sidewalk to come in and do the work without even “noticing” the all of the potential problems.
  • If you are called to help out a GC at the “last minute,” take a deep breath and try to figure out why the other floor guy that has been doing his work for the past three years is not available. Is there a money issue? Or what?
  • If you are installing a nail-down solid floor, there are some critical steps that help to inoculate you from problems during an inspection: 1) fasteners every 6”; 2) #15 asphalt-saturated felt; 3) Expansion space around the perimeter of the floor.

The typical inspector will check MC, expansion space, nailing, and will want to see your documentation. If you have done due diligence with your prep work, the chances of a job going South are greatly reduced. If it goes South, you should be certain that a really qualified person performs the inspection. The same qualities that make you a competent craftsman apply to the inspection craft: experience in the wood floor craft, experience in performing inspections, referrals from really knowledgeable people in the industry, and the proper temperament to stand up to the pressure from all of the associated parties. In addition to doing everything right, you have to be able to prove that you did everything right. Here’s to hoping that you never need that alibi. Good fortune favors the well prepared.

Carolina(s) On My Mind

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Cross posted from Howard Brickman's article on Hardwood Floors Magazine: Inspector Blog.

HowardBrickman_SurvivorMan.jpg
I hope that my loyal fans will forgive the temporary lapse in blogging. Hurricane Irene blew through town, taking with her our electricity for almost a week. On the plus side, I got to break out my “Survivorman” skills and lived to tell the tale. Wood has many other uses besides wood flooring. With my handy new Rocket Stove I was able to cut up the fallen branches and heat water for coffee and tea and also cook some one-pot meals.

By the time my power was restored, I was off to Charleston, S.C., to attend a wood floor class organized by Selva Lee Tucker featuring faculty from North Carolina State University. I must say: The class was yet another home run by Lee. With 10 years of instigating wood floor technical training under his belt, Lee has a knack for seamlessly combining hard-core practical and scientific knowledge.

The four-day class was instructed by two North Carolina State wood science professors and a wood floor guy from the Boston area. (Guess who the latter was?) The fee was $495, and those in the know can appreciate what an incredible value that is. It was a sell-out crowd, with over 50 attendees flying in from all over the U.S.

This was the sixth collaboration between Lee and NC State Wood Science faculty, several of which I have attended. Two of NC State’s finest taught fundamentals regarding the effects of moisture on the building envelope. An all-encompassing body of information was presented regarding the effect of temperature on relative humidity, how moisture moves through building components, and how fungi develop when exposed to moisture.

Dr. Phil Mitchell, wood products extension specialist and associate professor, has extensive experience working at major universities (Mississippi State, North Carolina State), and international wood products manufacturers (Weyerhaeuser). Dr. Phil is an acknowledged authority on the wood-moisture relationship with regard to academic as well as practical applications.

Dr. David C. Tilotta, associate professor and housing extension specialist, has a great deal of experience with contamination of buildings from chemicals and water, with extensive research and teaching background at the University of North Dakota and North Carolina State University. Dr. Dave introduced a software program from Oak Ridge National Laboratories that models temperature and moisture movement in exterior wall, floor, and roof systems.

On a personal note, do you remember how intimidated you were by your professors in college? This couldn’t have been further from the case with these two fun-guys who taught about fungi (pun intended). Tilotta and Mitchell are two of the best-natured and engaging college professors, and they took some fairly complex material and made the concepts much easier to digest (another fungi pun). The presentations were excellent, and the ease with which they answered questions worked to support true understanding. I left wishing that they had been my professors when I was an undergraduate (back when dinosaurs roamed the earth).

It has been exciting to see a major university put some effort into supporting the wood floor industry. Those of you out there who need studies, research, or laboratory testing should have the folks at the NC State Wood Products Extension Department on speed-dial. Dr. Phil’s email is phil_mitchell@ncsu.edu.

Last year, I had the opportunity to attend a three-day Wood I.D. class at the NC State Wood Anatomy Lab led by two of the leading wood anatomists in North America. The class was my personal favorite, and I’m hoping that it will become an annual event or at least every other year. I could see myself making a pilgrimage to attend. Even after 33 years in the wood flooring industry, I’m always pleasantly surprised to take away new insights about my specialty.

Stay tuned for my next blog: a step-by-step checklist to minimize installer liability when there are problems on the job.